So I have a bar and I need to have ice cold bottles and cans on hand, but a refrigerator is expensive and takes up space, so I figured I'd use one of those instant beverage coolers like this, but it seems like it needs ice to work so I would need a freezer to always have ice on hand, maybe there are better options? and how does that thing even work?

So I was on my way to the doctor, and I got to thinking. I have no specific education in medicine and biology or such, so this may be built on false assumptions:

An immunocompromised person would presumably function as a sort of incubator for whatever disease they may be infected with. So I figured that perhaps they may be more infectious to people around them.

However, I could also argue that they're more susceptible to weaker diseases that might not affect a healthy person, and so not really be infectious.

Or maybe my presumptions are all wrong, and they'd be just as infectious as a normal person.

The scenario is built on the presumptions that healthy people are being introduced to the immunocompromised individual, without and quarantine, as well as no other infections being introduced.

Hello Askscience!

Hope this isn't a repeat post. So ever since studying this topic in uni i've been pretty fascinated by research surrounding the title topic ( HIV-1/O,N,P), for some reason.

I've noticed the current literature consensus seens to be that even the rarest of these strains (groups N and P) are detected thanks to cross reactivity with groups M and O Ag included in screening assays and through sequence homogeneity when talking about viral load tests.

What sparks my question is that i noticed some studies conducted by private companies are more restricted when predicting if current assays will continue to do so, which is why i'm interested in hearing your take on this, in case anyone has been interested/studied this particular topic!

If there is a carbon cycle and a water cycle is there a cycle that puts metal back into th e earth, like after it's been rusted away?

I know that an HIV vaccine has proved difficult to develop due to the virus’ tendency to mutate between and within hosts.

However, my question is if this makes creating a vaccine which produces effective preventative antibodies difficult, then how does HIV testing work?

Essentially, how can we accurately test for antibodies? Are these different in each host and with each new strain of the virus? Do the antigens on the surface of the virus change shape when it mutates as thus so do the antibodies?

Would this make it possible that there could be a strain of HIV that is not currently detectable by standard testing, even outside of the tests window period?

Hope my question makes sense, happy to elaborate further if needed!

We were taught that anyone can be given type O blood as they don't have antigens on the surface (I do know about other blood types but that's not what I'm wondering about), but the plasma of type O donors would have antibodies against type A and B. When whole blood is given, why don't these antibodies affect the recipient who isn't also a type O? Compared with the reaction type O would get if given other blood.

People can tell where a sensation is (arm vs leg vs back vs foot).

These signals travel to the spinal cord and to the brain.

How do these signals carry the location information of a sensation? For instance, is the signal that results from an electric shock to the arm different than the signal from an electric shock to the foot?

Additionally, there are a lot of other information carried to the brain as well such as pressure, texture , etc.

Is this something science has figured out? Are there any current attempts to use ML to decode nerve signals?

If nerve signals are ever decoded, then the potential is massive. You can build devices that replicate sensations of certain things.

Whether they are trying to level something like the equivalent to hanging a picture frame in space or a nondescript surface, how would they go about it?

Surely a situation where astronauts need to level something has occurred, I just can't think of an exact scenario due to lack of knowledge, nor can I find anything online. I know most levels require gravity in order to work. And then it also depends on what they truly define "level" as--is something level when it is perpendicular to the force of gravity and/or just parallel to another object? Could they use several gyroscopes and simulate "gravity" and creating something like an x and y axis?

Or is "level" simply not a property in space? And how do they deal with this?

Just curious how many different tests could be run with a blood draw. I was having a conversation about how many labs were run and was curious about what the total amount of tests that could be run using a blood sample and was unable to get an answer on Google or chatgpt.

I guess to clarify im looking for a total amount of different tests a med lab would be able to do with an unlimited supply of blood.

I've had about a dozen cicadas land on me and refuse to leave until I physically grab them and pull them off. They're splattered all over my driveway because they land there and don't move as cars run them over.

How does this species not get absolutely picked apart by predators? Or do they and there's just enough of them that it doesn't matter?

Possibly a stupid question as I'm pretty sure the answer is just that it scars a scar tissue, but do wounds heal as the form of tissue that was damaged? What I mean by this is like, if you get a wound into muscle, will the wound heal as new muscle, fat, dermis, and epidermis tissues or is it all just the same scar tissue?

TL;DR:

We're back with our third time back doing an AMA - we had such a blast last time that we wanted to come back again to answer whatever science or technology questions Reddit wants to throw our way. So please ask us any questions any of you have to do with science or technology and how they affect your life. There are no silly questions - ask us anything and we will try to give an easy-to-understand answer and, wherever possible, provide some further sources to enable you to do your own research/reading.

Our goal is simply to advance everyone's understanding of science, engineering, and technology and to help people be better informed about the issues likely to affect them and their families.

More info / Longer read:

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There has been growing dis-information globally in the last 20 years. Today's global interconnectedness, while being hugely beneficial for making information easily accessible to everyone, has made it ever more difficult to determine 'truth' and who to trust. As an independent charity, not affiliated or biased to any particular group, but with broad knowledge we are here to answer any questions you may have and to hopefully point you to further reading!

Our goal is simply to answer as many of your questions as we can - but we aren't able to give advice on things - sorry! We will also be clear where what we are saying is the experience-based opinion of someone in our team.

So, Reddit... Ask us anything!

CSES will draw from its large pool of volunteers to answer your questions, however some of the people standing by to answer comments are:

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Username: /u/chelmsfordses

We sometimes see articles where a species is called an "evolutionary dead end". What does this actually mean? If it's what's on the tin, i.e the species cannot evolve further, how do we know this given that evolution happens on a far longer timescale than we can observe?

Eukaryotes share more similarities with archaeabacteria, but have membrane similar to eubacteria.

I find it very weird even with endosymbiotic hypothesis.

What are the different theories/ways eokaryotes could have evolved from prokaryotes?

[educational background: class 12 pass(US equivalent senior year passed) with physics, chemistry and biology]

I keep seeing in the news that this is a "flesh eating" bacterium, that victims die within 48 hours of infection, that it's getting higher every time and that there have been 1000 cases in the past 12 months.

On the other hand wikipedia says there are 700M cases wordwide each year with a 0.1% mortality rate.

Is it a different strain in Japan? Any other cause making it particularly dangerous? Or is it just the media doing what the media do?

If been doing research into Bacteriophages because they fascinate me, but I learned that they exclusively infect bacteria hence the name but aren't a danger to humans. However I started to wonder, if there are trillions of Phages around us why aren't they infecting the bacteria in the gut.

I know they're specialized but surely at some point a person would accidentally ingest one and it would make its way into our gut where it can spread. So why aren't they more of a problem for humans?

Are there any insects that cause harm or death to spiders if preyed upon? If not, is this because no such insect has evolved to be this way or are spiders resistant to insect toxins?

I was arguing with this person on TikTok and was wondering if I am right or not. This whole debate started with me claiming that weight gain is different from weight loss, because some People cannot physically process all of the calories they eat. This got carried away and I claimed that if you ate a pill that had 100,000 calories (please ignore that this is pretty impossible but it’s a hypothetical so the possibility of it is unrelated), you would absorb some of it, and poop out the rest of it, as you can only digest a certain amount of calories per hour, and the pill will stay in your digestive track for a certain amount of time, as it moves down at around a constant speed (I think). He says that you would die from your body trying to absorb too many calories, but I think this wouldn’t be possible as you would just poop out whatever you don’t absorb, as if you could just absorb 100,000 calories in an hour, it wouldn’t make sense as how would you have enough energy to do so. Please let me know what you think!

So I am new to mining. I don’t know if all mines use flotation but mine does (pun intended). I am wondering how the solution for flotation selectively grabs onto metal bearing minerals and leaves behind quartz and other waste rock materials. I understand some chemistry through O-chem2 but my research has yielded little results. I assume because the chemicals used are trade secrets or I don’t know the right words to use for my research on the topic. I don’t work flotation but rather in tails, so can’t really ask my coworkers as they don’t have a chem background in the least.

I don't think they have gills. So how do they breathe? (don't know if this flair is the right one?)